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Dossier 05

Founding & Revolution

An unfinished idea. A remarkable beginning.

The stories in this series

71 announced stories
Battle of Assunpink Creek, 19th-century engraving
Battle of Assunpink Creek, 19th-century engraving
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

The Battle of Assunpink Creek

Washington was trapped against a river, and he slipped away in the night.

Coming January 2
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The Battle of Princeton, painting by James Peale
The Battle of Princeton, painting by James Peale
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Founding & Revolution · Army · Presidents & Leaders · 1777

Victory at Princeton

Washington rode within thirty yards of the British line to rally his men.

Coming January 3
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Benedict Arnold, 1776 mezzotint by Thomas Hart
Benedict Arnold, 1776 mezzotint by Thomas Hart
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1781

Benedict Arnold burns Richmond

The most famous traitor in American history came back wearing a red coat.

Coming January 5
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George Washington, portrait by Joseph Wright, c. 1789
George Washington, portrait by Joseph Wright, c. 1789
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1789

America's first presidential election

America's first presidential election had no campaign and only one real candidate.

Coming January 7
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Thomas Paine, portrait by Laurent Dabos
Thomas Paine, portrait by Laurent Dabos
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · 1776

Common Sense is published

A 47-page pamphlet by a recent immigrant talked America into independence.

Coming January 10
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George Washington, the Athenaeum portrait by Gilbert Stuart
George Washington, the Athenaeum portrait by Gilbert Stuart
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Presidents & Leaders · Founding & Revolution · 1789

Washington is elected unanimously

Every single elector voted for George Washington, the only president ever chosen unanimously.

Coming February 4
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Benjamin Franklin received at the French court, 1778
Benjamin Franklin received at the French court, 1778
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Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1778

The alliance with France

Benjamin Franklin signed the treaty that may have won the Revolution.

Coming February 6
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The Ranger receives the first foreign salute to the American flag, 1778
The Ranger receives the first foreign salute to the American flag, 1778
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Navy & the Sea · Flags & Symbols · Founding & Revolution · 1778

First salute to the Stars and Stripes

On Valentine's Day 1778, a foreign navy saluted the American flag for the first time.

Coming February 14
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Bridge over Moore's Creek, North Carolina
Bridge over Moore's Creek, North Carolina
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1776

The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge

Patriots greased a bridge and won the Revolution's first big victory in the South.

Coming February 27
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Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, New York, 1782-1783
Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, New York, 1782-1783
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Founding & Revolution · Army · Presidents & Leaders · 1783

The Newburgh Address

With one pair of glasses, Washington stopped a military coup.

Coming March 15
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West Point on the Hudson River, 1850s photograph by William England
West Point on the Hudson River, 1850s photograph by William England
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Army · Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1802

West Point is founded

Thomas Jefferson signed the law that created the U.S. Military Academy.

Coming March 16
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The British evacuate Boston, March 1776
The British evacuate Boston, March 1776
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1776

The British leave Boston

Washington's cannons appeared overnight, and the British sailed away.

Coming March 17
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Massasoit on his way to meet the Pilgrims, 1621, 19th-century print
Massasoit on his way to meet the Pilgrims, 1621, 19th-century print
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Explorers & Frontier · Founding & Revolution · 1621

The Pilgrims' peace with Massasoit

A peace treaty made in 1621 lasted more than fifty years.

Coming March 22
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Patrick Henry delivering his "liberty or death" speech, 1775
Patrick Henry delivering his "liberty or death" speech, 1775
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Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1775

Give me liberty or give me death

Patrick Henry's most famous words were spoken inside a church.

Coming March 23
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USS Constitution, one of the six frigates of the Naval Act of 1794
USS Constitution, one of the six frigates of the Naval Act of 1794
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Navy & the Sea · Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1794

The Naval Act of 1794

Pirates attacking American ships convinced Congress to build a navy.

Coming March 27
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George Washington, c. 1792
George Washington, c. 1792
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Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1792

Washington's first veto

George Washington waited three years before he ever said no to Congress.

Coming April 5
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The Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775
The Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1775

Lexington and Concord

Nobody knows who fired first, but by nightfall a war had begun.

Coming April 19
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John Paul Jones, portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1781
John Paul Jones, portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1781
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Navy & the Sea · Founding & Revolution · 1778

John Paul Jones raids England

In 1778, an American captain landed on the coast of England itself.

Coming April 23
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Join, or Die, Benjamin Franklin's 1754 cartoon
Join, or Die, Benjamin Franklin's 1754 cartoon
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Flags & Symbols · Founding & Revolution · 1754

Join, or Die

America's first political cartoon was a snake chopped into pieces.

Coming May 9
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Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 1775 (1897 illustration)
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 1775 (1897 illustration)
Public domain (CC0) · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1775

The capture of Fort Ticonderoga

At dawn, a few dozen men took a British fort without a fight.

Coming May 10
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The Siege of Charleston, 1780, by William T. Crane
The Siege of Charleston, 1780, by William T. Crane
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1780

The fall of Charleston

The worst American defeat of the Revolution came at Charleston, South Carolina.

Coming May 12
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Map of New England, 1780
Map of New England, 1780
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Lost Ships & Mysteries · Founding & Revolution · 1780

New England's Dark Day

In 1780, the sun disappeared over New England at midday.

Coming May 19
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Scene at the Signing of the Constitution, painting by Howard Chandler Christy
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution, painting by Howard Chandler Christy
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1787

The Constitutional Convention opens

They met in secret, with the windows shut, in a hot Philadelphia summer.

Coming May 25
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Young George Washington at Jumonville Glen, 1754
Young George Washington at Jumonville Glen, 1754
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · Explorers & Frontier · 1754

Washington's first battle

A 22-year-old named George Washington fired shots that started a world war.

Coming May 28
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Plan of Newport, Rhode Island, where the state ratified the Constitution
Plan of Newport, Rhode Island, where the state ratified the Constitution
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · 1790

Rhode Island finally says yes

The last of the 13 states joined the Union by just two votes.

Coming May 29
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Richard Henry Lee, portrait by Charles Willson Peale
Richard Henry Lee, portrait by Charles Willson Peale
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · 1776

The Lee Resolution

Before the Declaration, there was a single sentence: "these United Colonies are... free."

Coming June 7
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Burning of the Gaspee, by W. W. May
Burning of the Gaspee, by W. W. May
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Navy & the Sea · 1772

The burning of the Gaspee

Rhode Islanders burned a British ship 18 months before the Boston Tea Party.

Coming June 9
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The first meeting of Washington and Lafayette, Philadelphia, 1777
The first meeting of Washington and Lafayette, Philadelphia, 1777
Public domain (CC0) · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

Lafayette arrives in America

A 19-year-old French nobleman bought his own ship to join a war.

Coming June 13
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Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, 1775
Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, 1775
Public domain (CC0) · Source & rights ↗
Army · Founding & Revolution · Flags & Symbols · 1775

The Army is born

The U.S. Army is older than the United States itself.

Coming June 14
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The Death of General Warren at Bunker Hill, by John Trumbull
The Death of General Warren at Bunker Hill, by John Trumbull
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1775

Bunker Hill

The British won the hill, but lost more than a thousand men taking it.

Coming June 17
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The Great Seal of the United States, c. 1782
The Great Seal of the United States, c. 1782
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Flags & Symbols · Founding & Revolution · 1782

The Great Seal of the United States

It took Congress six years and three committees to design America's seal.

Coming June 20
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Parade celebrating adoption of the Constitution, 1788
Parade celebrating adoption of the Constitution, 1788
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · 1788

New Hampshire makes it law

With one vote in New Hampshire, the Constitution became the law of the land.

Coming June 21
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The Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull
The Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Flags & Symbols · 1776

The Declaration Is Adopted

Fifty-six men put their names on a document that could hang them.

Coming July 4
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Young George Washington on horseback at the Battle of the Monongahela, 1755
Young George Washington on horseback at the Battle of the Monongahela, 1755
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1755

Four Bullets Through His Coat

Young George Washington should have died at the Monongahela.

Coming July 9
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The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, 1804
The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, 1804
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1804

The Burr-Hamilton Duel

The sitting vice president shot a founding father on a New Jersey ledge.

Coming July 11
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Map of the Old Northwest Territory and the Ordinance of 1787
Map of the Old Northwest Territory and the Ordinance of 1787
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Explorers & Frontier · Civil Rights & Freedom · 1787

The Northwest Ordinance

Before the Constitution, Congress banned slavery in a territory larger than France.

Coming July 13
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The first meeting of Washington and Lafayette, Philadelphia, August 1777
The first meeting of Washington and Lafayette, Philadelphia, August 1777
Public domain (CC0) · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

Lafayette, Major General at 19

A 19-year-old French aristocrat offered to fight for America for free.

Coming July 31
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The revenue cutter Surveyor's defense, 1813, an early Revenue Cutter Service action
The revenue cutter Surveyor's defense, 1813, an early Revenue Cutter Service action
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Coast Guard · Founding & Revolution · 1790

The Coast Guard Is Born

Alexander Hamilton asked for ten boats. He got the Coast Guard.

Coming August 4
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The Battle of Bennington, 1777, in a 19th-century engraving
The Battle of Bennington, 1777, in a 19th-century engraving
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

Battle of Bennington

John Stark told his men they'd win, or Molly Stark would be a widow.

Coming August 16
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King George III in coronation robes, by Allan Ramsay
King George III in coronation robes, by Allan Ramsay
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · 1775

The King Declares a Rebellion

King George III declared the colonies in open rebellion, ending any hope of compromise.

Coming August 23
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The Maryland 400 at the Battle of Long Island, by Domenick D'Andrea
The Maryland 400 at the Battle of Long Island, by Domenick D'Andrea
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Founding & Revolution · Army · Units History Forgot · 1776

The Maryland 400

A few hundred Marylanders charged again and again so an army could escape.

Coming August 27
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The retreat from Long Island, August 29, 1776
The retreat from Long Island, August 29, 1776
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · Units History Forgot · 1776

The Night Escape from Brooklyn

Fishermen from Marblehead rowed an entire army to safety under the enemy's nose.

Coming August 29
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The American Commissioners of the Treaty of Paris, by Benjamin West
The American Commissioners of the Treaty of Paris, by Benjamin West
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1783

The Treaty of Paris

Eight years of war ended with signatures in a Paris hotel.

Coming September 3
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The French fleet engages the British at the Battle of the Chesapeake, 1781
The French fleet engages the British at the Battle of the Chesapeake, 1781
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Founding & Revolution · Navy & the Sea · 1781

The Battle That Trapped Cornwallis

America's independence was decided in a sea battle with no Americans in it.

Coming September 5
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Benedict Arnold watches New London burn, Battle of Groton Heights, 1781
Benedict Arnold watches New London burn, Battle of Groton Heights, 1781
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Founding & Revolution · Remembering the Fallen · 1781

Fort Griswold

Benedict Arnold came home to Connecticut to burn it.

Coming September 6
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Bushnell's submarine Turtle, 1885 cutaway drawing
Bushnell's submarine Turtle, 1885 cutaway drawing
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Navy & the Sea · Founding & Revolution · Inventors & Firsts · 1776

The Turtle: America's First Submarine

A one-man wooden submarine tried to sink the British flagship.

Coming September 7
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The Continental Congress in session, painting by Pine and Savage
The Continental Congress in session, painting by Pine and Savage
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Founding & Revolution · Flags & Symbols · 1776

The Birth of 'The United States'

Until this day, our country was officially called the United Colonies.

Coming September 9
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The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776
The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · Units History Forgot · 1776

Knowlton's Rangers at Harlem Heights

America's first intelligence unit was led by a hero of Bunker Hill.

Coming September 16
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Scene at the Signing of the Constitution, by Howard Chandler Christy
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution, by Howard Chandler Christy
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1787

The Constitution Is Signed

Ben Franklin looked at a carved sun on Washington's chair and made a prediction.

Coming September 17
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Washington's Farewell Address, Capitol mural by Allyn Cox
Washington's Farewell Address, Capitol mural by Allyn Cox
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · 1796

Washington Says Goodbye

George Washington's most famous speech was never actually given aloud.

Coming September 19
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Statue of Nathan Hale (no life portrait of Hale exists)
Statue of Nathan Hale (no life portrait of Hale exists)
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · Remembering the Fallen · 1776

Nathan Hale

A 21-year-old schoolteacher volunteered to spy, and paid with his life.

Coming September 22
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Bonhomme Richard battles HMS Serapis, September 23, 1779
Bonhomme Richard battles HMS Serapis, September 23, 1779
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Navy & the Sea · Founding & Revolution · 1779

I Have Not Yet Begun to Fight

His ship was sinking, and the British asked if he'd surrender.

Coming September 23
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Major John André, portrait miniature by George Engleheart
Major John André, portrait miniature by George Engleheart
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Founding & Revolution · 1780

Major André hangs at Tappan

Benedict Arnold escaped. The young British officer he dealt with did not.

Coming October 2
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The Attack on Chew's House at Germantown, by Edward Lamson Henry
The Attack on Chew's House at Germantown, by Edward Lamson Henry
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Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

Fog at Germantown

Washington lost the battle, but Europe noticed his army attacked anyway.

Coming October 4
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The Battle of Kings Mountain, 1780
The Battle of Kings Mountain, 1780
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Founding & Revolution · Units History Forgot · 1780

The Overmountain Men at Kings Mountain

A British major threatened the frontier. The frontier came to him.

Coming October 7
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Casimir Pulaski, engraving by H. B. Hall
Casimir Pulaski, engraving by H. B. Hall
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Remembering the Fallen · 1779

Pulaski's last charge at Savannah

The father of the American cavalry was a Polish nobleman who died for us.

Coming October 9
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Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain, 1776
Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain, 1776
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Navy & the Sea · 1776

Arnold's fleet at Valcour Island

America's homemade navy lost the battle and may have saved the Revolution.

Coming October 11
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Continental Navy brig Andrew Doria, one of the Navy's first ships
Continental Navy brig Andrew Doria, one of the Navy's first ships
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Navy & the Sea · Founding & Revolution · 1775

The Navy is born

Congress voted for two ships, and the United States Navy began.

Coming October 13
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The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga, by John Trumbull
The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga, by John Trumbull
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga

A British general bet he would beat the Americans. He lost his whole army.

Coming October 17
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The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, by John Trumbull
The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, by John Trumbull
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Navy & the Sea · 1781

The world turned upside down at Yorktown

The Revolution was won as much at sea as on land.

Coming October 19
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The old Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, birthplace of the Marine Corps
The old Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, birthplace of the Marine Corps
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Marines · Founding & Revolution · 1775

The Marine Corps is born

The legend says the first recruits signed up in a tavern.

Coming November 10
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The British attack on Fort Washington, November 1776
The British attack on Fort Washington, November 1776
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Women Who Served · Founding & Revolution · Army · 1776

Margaret Corbin takes her husband's gun

When her husband fell at his cannon, she took his place.

Coming November 16
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Evacuation Day and Washington's entry into New York, 1783
Evacuation Day and Washington's entry into New York, 1783
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Flags & Symbols · 1783

Evacuation Day in New York

The British left one last insult: their flag nailed to a greased pole.

Coming November 25
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The Continental ship Alfred, where John Paul Jones raised the Grand Union flag
The Continental ship Alfred, where John Paul Jones raised the Grand Union flag
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Navy & the Sea · Flags & Symbols · Founding & Revolution · 1775

John Paul Jones raises the first flag

Before the Stars and Stripes, America's navy flew a flag with Britain's Union Jack.

Coming December 3
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The First Muster of the Massachusetts Bay militia, 1637 (painting)
The First Muster of the Massachusetts Bay militia, 1637 (painting)
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Army · Units History Forgot · Founding & Revolution · 1636

Birth of the National Guard

The National Guard is older than the country it defends.

Coming December 13
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George Washington on his deathbed, by Junius Brutus Stearns
George Washington on his deathbed, by Junius Brutus Stearns
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Presidents & Leaders · Founding & Revolution · 1799

The death of George Washington

His last words were simple: 'Tis well.

Coming December 14
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The Bill of Rights, National Archives
The Bill of Rights, National Archives
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Civil Rights & Freedom · 1791

The Bill of Rights is ratified

The Constitution almost failed because it lacked these ten amendments.

Coming December 15
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The March to Valley Forge, December 19, 1777, by William Trego
The March to Valley Forge, December 19, 1777, by William Trego
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1777

The army enters Valley Forge

You could follow the army by the bloody footprints in the snow.

Coming December 19
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General George Washington Resigning His Commission, by John Trumbull
General George Washington Resigning His Commission, by John Trumbull
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Founding & Revolution · Presidents & Leaders · Army · 1783

Washington gives back his sword

King George reportedly said this act would make Washington the greatest man alive.

Coming December 23
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Battle of Trenton, by Charles McBarron
Battle of Trenton, by Charles McBarron
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Founding & Revolution · Army · 1776

Victory at Trenton

The Revolution was nearly lost until one cold morning in New Jersey.

Coming December 26
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The Flushing Remonstrance of 1657
The Flushing Remonstrance of 1657
Public domain · Source & rights ↗
Civil Rights & Freedom · Founding & Revolution · 1657

The Flushing Remonstrance

Thirty settlers defended Quakers they did not even share a faith with.

Coming December 27
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